Journal of Agricultural Research (JAR) .
type: channel
publisher: Directorate General Agricultural Information
language: en
publication name: Journal of Agricultural Research (JAR) .
issn: 0368-1157
items: OPTIMIZING TRANSPLANTING DATES FOR EXCELLENT GRAIN QUALITY IN BASMATI RICE OF PUNJAB, PAKISTAN
items: EFFECT OF NITROGEN SOURCE AND APPLICATION SCHEDULE ON PRODUCTIVITY AND PROFITABILITY OF BLACK CUMIN (NIGELLA SATIVA L.)
items: FORESTATION: THE ULTIMATE REMEDY FOR NATURAL DISASTER, AN EVALUATIVE STUDY
items: YIELD PERFORMANCE AND DISEASE RESPONSE OF NOVEL TOMATO HYBRIDS UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS
items: IMPACT OF EXOGENOUS NICKEL APPLICATION ON MUNGBEAN PRODUCTION AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS
items: A VIRTUAL PROTOTYPING APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE PADDY WEEDER DESIGN USING MSC Adams, EDEM, AND ANSYS
items: GREEN EXTRACTION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM FRUITS AND VEGETABLES WASTE AS A PRECURSOR OF NUTRACEUTICALS
items: EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COTTON CROP PRODUCTION AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF FARMING COMMUNITIES IN TEHSIL KHANPUR, RAHIM YAR KHAN, PAKISTAN
items: ADVANCES IN AUTOMATION FOR PLUG SEEDLING CULTIVATION AND TRANSPLANTING IN GREENHOUSES: A REVIEW
items: INNOVATION IN COTTON BREEDING: FH-416 AS A NEWLY DEVELOPED VARIETY FOR YIELD AND QUALITY ADVANCEMENT IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN
items: IMPLICATIONS OF ASIAN REGION RICE CONTRIBUTION TO GLOBAL SUPPLY IN THE CONTEXT OF GREEN REVOLUTION
items: UTILIZING POTATO PEEL WASTE FOR EXTENDING THE SHELF-LIFE OF FRESH-CUT APPLES
items: EVALUATION OF COMPARATIVE RESISTANCE IN ELITE SESAME GERMPLASM AGAINST ITS INSECT PEST COMPLEX
items: FACTORS INFLUENCING FARMERS’ SATISFACTION AND ADOPTION OF MOBILE PHONE APPLICATIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
items: GENDER PERSPECTIVE OF CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITIES IN THE AGRARIAN COMMUNITIES OF SEMI-ARID AREAS IN THE PUNJAB, PAKISTAN
items: BRIDGING KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE: GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AWARENESS AND TRAINING WILLINGNESS AMONG TOMATO FARMERS IN FUNAAB MODEL VILLAGES, SOUTHWEST, NIGERIA
items: CHARACTERIZATION OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF CITRUS SAUCE AS A VALUE ADDED PRODUCT
items: AGRONOMIC BIOFORTIFICATION OF DESI CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L.) WITH ZINC AND IRON
items: QS BERSEEM: A BREAKTHROUGH IN HIGH-YIELD AND CLIMATE-ADAPTED FORAGE PRODUCTION
items: GGE BIPLOT ANALYSIS FOR THE SELECTION OF STABLE CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L.) GENOTYPES UNDER DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF PAKISTAN
items: EVALUATION OF CHINA AND BRAZILIAN SUGARCANE CLONES PERFORMANCE IN SEMI-ARID CONDITIONS OF FAISALABAD, PAKISTAN
items: NEEM AND SULFUR-COATED UREA ENHANCE GROWTH AND SUGAR YIELD OF SUGARCANE BY INCREASING NITROGEN USE EFFICINECY
items: A REVIEW OF THE POTENTIAL OF SOME NANOPARTICLES IN CONTROLLING PLANT FUNGAL DISEASES
items: STANDARDIZATION OF PRUNING INTENSITY OF POMEGRANATE FOR ITS QUALITY PRODUCTION
items: PAK-CAS ALFALFA: HIGH SEED YIELDING ALFALFA VARIETY OFFERING UNPARALLELED NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND BIOTIC TOLERANCE
items: GROUND WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT USING WATER QUALITY INDEX: CASE STUDY OF AYUB AGRICULTURE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, FAISALABAD, PAKISTAN
items: DEVELOPING SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS (SES) SCALE FOR RURAL WOMEN IN NORTH-CENTRAL NIGERIA
items: MARKETING SYSTEM OF GUAVA IN PUNJAB
items: WORKING OF MAJOR WHOLESALE FRUIT AND VEGETABLE MARKETS IN THE PUNJAB
items: TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENT OF BUTTON MUSHROOM AGARICUS BITORQUIS FOR MYCELIAL GROWTH ON THREE DIFFERENT COMPOSTS

OPTIMIZING TRANSPLANTING DATES FOR EXCELLENT GRAIN QUALITY IN BASMATI RICE OF PUNJAB, PAKISTAN
type: item
description: The timing of transplanting rice crop significantly impacts the grain quality of Basmati rice varieties. This study was conducted during the 2021 to 2024 cropping seasons at the Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku, Punjab, Pakistan, to determine the optimum transplanting time for achieving superior grain quality. Four transplanting dates (June 03, June 24, July 15, and August 06) were evaluated across five indigenous Basmati varieties, namely Super Basmati, Super Basmati 2019, PK 1121 Aromatic, PK 2021 Aromatic, and Vital Basmati. Results revealed that transplanting on July 15 recorded the highest head rice recovery (63–65%), kernel length (7.6–7.9 mm), and elongation ratio (1.85–1.92), thereby ensuring excellent milling quality. In contrast, transplanting on August 06 improved aroma scores (7.8/9) but reduced milling recovery (<55%). Early transplanting (June 03) resulted in comparatively lower physical grain quality and milling recovery. The findings suggest that to achieve optimum Basmati rice grain quality and ensure better economic returns, transplanting should ideally be completed by mid-July.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Oryza sativa
  topic: keywords
subject: transplanting
  topic: keywords
subject: quality
  topic: keywords
subject: milling
  topic: keywords
subject: elongation
  topic: keywords
subject: aroma
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Agronomy
  topic: disciplines
creator: Farah Shamim
creator: Mohsin Ali Raza
creator: Muhammad Shahid Munir
creator: Muhammad Ijaz
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Farah Shamim, Mohsin Ali Raza, Muhammad Shahid Munir, Muhammad Ijaz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-06
publication date: 2026-01-06
starting page: 307
ending page: 314
doi: 10.58475/2025.63.4.1221

EFFECT OF NITROGEN SOURCE AND APPLICATION SCHEDULE ON PRODUCTIVITY AND PROFITABILITY OF BLACK CUMIN (NIGELLA SATIVA L.)
type: item
description: Efficient nitrogen (N) management through its appropriate source and timing of application is essential for enhancing crop yield. A field study was conducted during the winter growing seasons 2021–22 and 2022–23 at Agronomic Research Station, Khanewal, Punjab-Pakistan to most suitable source and application time of N on growth and yield of black cumin. Ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and urea were used as different N sources and whole N application at sowing, 1/2 N at sowing + 1/2 N at branching, 1/3 N at sowing + 1/3 at branching + 1/3 at f lowering as varable N application timings. Results showed that ammonium sulfate consistently outperformed all other N sources. Relative to urea, ammonium sulfate increased plant height by 18% and 4%, branches per plant by 33% and 25% during 2021–22 and 2022–23, respectively. The number of capsules per plant improved by 8% and 7% in the respective years. Likewise, ammonium sulfate increased the number of seeds per capsule by 12% and 5% and boosted seed yield by 7% and 9% across the two years. Among N split-application treatments, the three-split application of 18.3 kg N ha⁻¹ at sowing, branching and flowering proved the most effective. Compared with the control, said treatment increased plant height by 90% and 18% during 2021–22 and 2022–23, respectively. The number of branches per plant improved by 150% and 57%, while the number of capsules per plant increased by 17% and 33% across the two years. Similarly, said treatment enhanced the number of seeds per capsule by 94% and 16%, and increased 1000-seed weight by 84% and 53% in the respective years. Seed yield was also substantially higher, with gains of 67% and 50% over the control. A significant interaction between N source and N split-application was observed. Among all combinations, ammonium sulfate applied in three splits produced the highest values. Compared with the lowest-performing combination; urea with no N application (control); this treatment increased plant height…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nigella sativa L
  topic: keywords
subject: nitrogen sources
  topic: keywords
subject: ammonium sulfate
  topic: keywords
subject: ammonium nitrate
  topic: keywords
subject: benefit-cost ratio
  topic: keywords
subject: yield
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Soil Science
  topic: disciplines
creator: Muhammad Iqbal
creator: Saba Iqbal
creator: Asmat Ullah
creator: Naveed Akhtar
creator: Arbab Jahangeer
creator: Muhammad Arshad
creator: Tahira Tabassum
creator: Ali Zohaib
creator: Farhat Bashir
creator: Siraj Ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Iqbal, Saba Iqbal, Asmat Ullah, Naveed Akhtar, Arbab Jahangeer, Muhammad Arshad, Tahira Tabassum, Ali Zohaib, Farhat Bashir, Siraj Ahmed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-06
publication date: 2026-01-06
starting page: 315
ending page: 323
doi: 10.58475/2025.63.4.1224

FORESTATION: THE ULTIMATE REMEDY FOR NATURAL DISASTER, AN EVALUATIVE STUDY
type: item
description: The research study aimed to analyze the participation of the governmental and non-governmental sectors in Billion Tree Project, and to assess the involvement of agricultural extension agents. This study was carried out in the Faisalabad district. The research population comprised the employees of forest department, school education department, agriculture extension office in Faisalabad, and local communities. The research population was comprised of 50 agricultural extension agents, 33 teachers from 3 government schools, 50 employees from the forest department, and 50 local residents. This was survey-type research. Quota sampling was used. The sample was 183 respondents by using www.surveysystem.com with a confidence interval of 5% and 95% confidence level. A well- structured questionnaire was developed for the collection of data. The frequencies, averages, standard deviation, weighted score and chi-square were employed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results show that there was a need for plantations in urban areas to control the temperature. The research indicates the role of government that contributes in different perspectives. The teacher has spread awareness in various ways that people recommend 44% maximum in a medium-range. Research results indicated that increase in the income of local people variable mean is 3.38 and the standard deviation is 0.976, agricultural extension agents highly participated to create green Pakistan. It was crucial in ensuring pay availability for jobless laborers and providing employment for farmers in nursery development, while simultaneously serving as a significant source of income. This approach fosters significant motivation for tree planting, resulting in reduced pollution levels, diminished deforestation, and contributions to the forest afforestation. These initiatives positively impacted our surrounding environment. Therefore, we should refer to plantations that will be able to meet more demand…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: forest
  topic: keywords
subject: project
  topic: keywords
subject: pollution
  topic: keywords
subject: environment
  topic: keywords
subject: motivation
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Agricultural Extension
  topic: disciplines
creator: Aqeela Saghir
creator: Sadia Ijaz
creator: Khalid Bashir³
creator: Ijaz Ashraf
creator: Rafay Muzamil
creator: Saba Javed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Aqeela Saghir, Sadia Ijaz, Khalid Bashir³, Ijaz Ashraf, Rafay Muzamil, Saba Javed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-06
publication date: 2026-01-06
starting page: 355
ending page: 362
doi: 10.58475/2025.63.4.1255

YIELD PERFORMANCE AND DISEASE RESPONSE OF NOVEL TOMATO HYBRIDS UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS
type: item
description: The study was conducted at the at vegetable research area of Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad, Pakistan, during 2024–25 to develop and evaluate newly developed tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) hybrids for yield performance and disease tolerance. Eleven new hybrids, including a commercial check (Marjan), were tested in a randomized complete block design with three replications under field conditions. Significant differences were observed among genotypes for vegetative, reproductive and yield traits. Hybrid NBH-714 produced the highest yield (3.0 kg plant-1; 34.3 t ha-1), followed by NBH-715 and NBH-691. Standard heterosis varied from -0.73 to 66.6%, indicating strong hybrid vigor in several crosses. All hybrids were susceptible to early blight, while NBH-721 showed the lowest late blight index (29.7%). Yield-related traits contributed most to genetic variability based on principal component analysis. Overall, NBH-714, NBH-715 and NBH-691 exhibited superior yield potential and are recommended for commercial evaluation and breeding improvement under local agro-climatic conditions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Solanum lycopersicum
  topic: keywords
subject: commercial check
  topic: keywords
subject: heterosis
  topic: keywords
subject: agronomic performance
  topic: keywords
subject: genetic diversity
  topic: keywords
subject: virus tolerance
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Plant Breeding and Genetics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Ariba Shamail
creator: Abdul Rehman Khan
creator: Amjad Hameed
creator: Saba Akram
creator: Khalid Pervaiz Akhtar
creator: Madiha Shafique
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ariba Shamail, Abdul Rehman Khan, Amjad Hameed, Saba Akram, Khalid Pervaiz Akhtar, Madiha Shafique (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-06
publication date: 2026-01-06
starting page: 293
ending page: 305
doi: 10.58475/pynahy04

IMPACT OF EXOGENOUS NICKEL APPLICATION ON MUNGBEAN PRODUCTION AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS
type: item
description: Nickel (Ni) is an essential micronutrient present in urease enzyme of plants and microorganisms required for overall plant growth especially in nodule forming crops. To assess the nickel role for crop growth attributes of mungbean, two year field trial were conducted on different treatments of 1 nickel by using Randomized Complete Block design at the farm area of Soil Chemistry Section, AARI, Faisalabad for two consecutive years. Nickel Sulphate as Ni treatment was applied @ 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 kg ha-1 to the soil as basal along-with recommended dose of NPK fertilizers. The increasing trend of shoot length, No. of pods plant-1 and No. of grains pod-1 with the application of increased Ni rate was observed. The maximum grain yield of mungbean (473.17 & 498.14 kg ha ) was observed where 10 kg ha-1 nickel was applied and minimum grain yield (429.52 & 441.21 kg ha-1) was observed in control in 1st and 2nd year of mungbean, respectively. The application of Ni also showed the increased Ni content in grains with the maximum content of 4.74 & 4.91 µg g-1 in 1st and 2nd year, respectively, where 10 kg ha-1 Ni was applied. The phosphorus content (0.481 & 0.514 µg g-1) was observed maximum where (NPK+ 10 kg ha-1 Ni) as compared to control and T2 (NPK+ 2 kg ha-1). It was concluded that the application of Ni to the growth medium improved the growth and grain yield and should be considered as beneficial micronutrient. The research clearly shows that nickel fertilization to the soil can improve mungbean growth, yield, and nutrient uptake, especially in soils low in nickel.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Beneficial nutrient
  topic: keywords
subject: essential nutrient
  topic: keywords
subject: enzyme activation
  topic: keywords
subject: mungbean
  topic: keywords
subject: nickel fertilization
  topic: keywords
subject: urease enzyme
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Soil science
  topic: disciplines
creator: Ifra Saleem
creator: Qudsia Nazir
creator: Nisa Mukhtar
creator: Rimsha Nazir
creator: Ana Aslam
creator: Amina Kalsom
creator: Farah Rasheed
creator: Raheela Naz
creator: Hina Javed
creator: Allah Nawaz
creator: Abid Niaz
creator: Sarfraz Hussain
creator: Alamgir Alvi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ifra Saleem, Qudsia Nazir, Nisa Mukhtar, Rimsha Nazir, Ana Aslam, Amina Kalsom, Farah Rasheed, Raheela Naz, Hina Javed, Allah Nawaz, Abid Niaz, Sarfraz Hussain, Alamgir Alvi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-06
publication date: 2026-01-06
starting page: 335
ending page: 341
doi: 10.58475/3t639v93

A VIRTUAL PROTOTYPING APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE PADDY WEEDER DESIGN USING MSC Adams, EDEM, AND ANSYS
type: item
description: The growing demand for sustainable and efficient weed management practices in paddy cultivation has led to the need for eco-friendly mechanical alternatives to chemical herbicides. This study is performed in 2025 to demonstrates the comprehensive virtual prototyping approach towards sustainable design of a walk-behind inter-row paddy weeder using MSC Adams, EDEM, and ANSYS software integration. A 3D model of the weeder was prepared in the SolidWorks software and analyzed using multibody dynamics (MBD) simulation in MSC Adams to determine the kinematic behaviour, which shows a relative error of less than 2% between the simulated and theoretical values. The validated model was co-simulated together with the EDEM to develop a virtual digital twin that provided a realistic representation of soil-tool interactions, from which dynamic forces were extracted for static structural analysis in ANSYS. Among the three blade designs (D1 , D2 , D3 ), the structural integrity was best in design D2 , with minimal deformation (0.18 mm), the equivalent stress was low (63.3 MPa), and the safety factor was 1.26 compared with the excessive stress of D1 (651.04 MPa, FOS 0.38). The developed virtual prototyping framework greatly reduces the need for physical prototypes and field trials, which greatly decreases the cost and time of development. This simulation-driven design offers a low-cost and long-term energy-efficient alternative for sustainable management of paddy weeds. The results highlight the potential of digital engineering tools to drive the adoption of climate-smart agricultural machinery.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: EDEM simulation
  topic: keywords
subject: finite element analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: paddy weeder
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable mechanization
  topic: keywords
subject: virtual prototyping
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Agri. Engineering
  topic: disciplines
creator: Aftab Khaliq
creator: Ibrar Ahmad
creator: Fiaz Ahmad
creator: Muhammad Faheem
creator: Badar Munir Khan Naizi
creator: Hafiz Sultan Mahmood
creator: Mahmood Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Aftab Khaliq, Ibrar Ahmad, Fiaz Ahmad, Muhammad Faheem, Badar Munir Khan Naizi , Hafiz Sultan Mahmood, Mahmood Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-06
publication date: 2026-01-06
starting page: 343
ending page: 354
doi: 10.58475/2025.63.4.1239

GREEN EXTRACTION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM FRUITS AND VEGETABLES WASTE AS A PRECURSOR OF NUTRACEUTICALS
type: item
description: The global population is experiencing rapid growth, resulting in significant challenges related to disease prevalence, food security, healthcare systems, and nutrition. The processing of fruits and vegetables generates vast quantities of agro-waste. The disposal of agro-waste represents both a cost to the processor and poses potential negative impacts on the environment. The valorization of these waste materials into the extraction of bioactive compounds with nutraceutical potential serves as a new pathway for sustainable utilization. The present study was aimed to prepare the aqueous extracts of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) waste, grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfad) peels and pea (Pisum sativum) pods using different methods such as extraction at room temperature and boiling for determination of various bioactive compounds. Quantitative analysis revealed that cabbage extracts contained the highest phenolic contents (161.62 mg GAE/g) among the other extracts. Grapefruit peels demonstrated the highest tannin contents (33.56 mg tannins/g), while pea pod extracts were notable for flavonoid contents (31.83 mg QE/g). Cabbage extracts also exhibited substantial reducing sugar (136.96 mg glucose/g) and total sugar (560.2 mg glucose/g). However, there were no significant variations (p > 0.05) among the bioactive compounds in cabbage waste, grapefruit peels, and pea pods , when compared with each other. So, aqueous green extracts of these plant material could be used as saver nutritional agent as compared to the other conventional non-greener extracts. These could be a stimulator for sustainable and economical nutraceutical future.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Brassica oleracea
  topic: keywords
subject: pisum sativum
  topic: keywords
subject: food waste
  topic: keywords
subject: polyphenols
  topic: keywords
subject: antioxidant capacity
  topic: keywords
subject: nutraceutical
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Hadiqa Shahzad
creator: Hina Akram
creator: Javeria Nadeem
creator: Sofia Nosheen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hadiqa Shahzad, Hina Akram, Javeria Nadeem, Sofia Nosheen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-02
publication date: 2025-10-02
starting page: 209
ending page: 218
doi: 10.58475/2025.63.3.2208

EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COTTON CROP PRODUCTION AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF FARMING COMMUNITIES IN TEHSIL KHANPUR, RAHIM YAR KHAN, PAKISTAN
type: item
description: This study investigates the relationship between cotton crop production and the socio-economic conditions of rural communities in Tehsil Khanpur. It explores how challenges such as high input costs, small landholdings, limited access to credit, lack of awareness about modern agricultural practices, and market uncertainties affect the production and usage of cotton income among farmers. The data was collected through structured questionnaires of 125 cotton growers in the most cotton cultivated five Union Councils of tehsil Khanpur. The results showed that a majority of farmers (68%) were not well educated and 18.4% were illiterate due to which 52% farmers were not aware of modern agriculture technologies, while 89% of the farmers reported that these technologies were too expensive to adopt. During this study, it was also found that 68% farmers had not enough financial resources for crop cultivation and 74% identified that there were lack of micro credit facilities. The outcome of this study stated that better cotton production revealed the significant and positive impact on socio-economic status of the farmers. The majority of the farmers (63%) reported that cotton crop production increased their family income. Among them, 90% of the farmers responded that they used this income on the marriages of their siblings. A majority of farmers (63% and 90%) stated that they adopted better health and educational facilities, respectively for their family. The results of the model indicated a positive impact of better cotton crop production on wellbeing of the cotton farmers. The study suggests the need for policy measures that strengthen extension services, provide timely input delivery, improve credit access, and ensure better market linkages to support rural development through cotton farming.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Gossypium hirsutum
  topic: keywords
subject: Agricultural technology
  topic: keywords
subject: khanpur
  topic: keywords
subject: rural livelihood
  topic: keywords
subject: small farmers
  topic: keywords
subject: socio-economic factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Agri-Economics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Aatif Ramzan
creator: Sabir Hussain Shah
creator: Muhammad Fahd Bhatti
creator: Muhammad Rafique Shahid
creator: Muhammad Yaseen
creator: Muhammad Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Aatif Ramzan, Sabir Hussain Shah, Muhammad Fahd Bhatti, Muhammad Rafique Shahid, Muhammad Yaseen, Muhammad Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-06
publication date: 2026-01-06
starting page: 363
ending page: 375
doi: 10.58475/2025.63.4.1206

ADVANCES IN AUTOMATION FOR PLUG SEEDLING CULTIVATION AND TRANSPLANTING IN GREENHOUSES: A REVIEW
type: item
description: The world food security needs the adoption of effective and sustainable agricultural practices, which is affected by factors like population growth, labor shortage, and rising production costs. Especially in vegetable farming that is an important source of nutrients is impacted. Plug seedling systems, where transplants are cultivated in regulated greenhouse conditions, have much to recommend them, such as lower establishment costs, more efficient resource use (water, nutrients, pesticides) and better uniformity of crops. However, cultivating and transplanting of these seedlings are laborious activities, which require precision. This review explores the critical role of agriculture automation technologies in solving such challenges. In particular, we review the results of the current automated solutions used along the plug seedling production chain, such as automatic seedling quality evaluation, machine vision-controlled robotics to monitor and grade quality, robotic, and automated transplanting systems. Analysis of the findings demonstrate that these technologies can be helpful in increasing productivity, maintaining high quality and greatly decreasing reliance on manual labor. Lastly, we recognize existing constraints and future trends in order to offer future research and development directions in the field of smart greenhouse automation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agriculture automation
  topic: keywords
subject: smart greenhouse
  topic: keywords
subject: automatic transplanting
  topic: keywords
subject: machine vision
  topic: keywords
subject: path planning
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable agriculture
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmad Ibrar Ahmad
creator: Aftab Khaliq
creator: Bushra Saddique
creator: Fiaz Ahmad
creator: Mahmood Ali
creator: Muhammed Shoaib
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ibrar Ahmad , Aftab Khaliq, Bushra Saddique, Fiaz Ahmad, Mahmood Ali, Muhammed Shoaib (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-02
publication date: 2025-10-02
starting page: 257
ending page: 268
doi: 10.58475/2025.63.3.1168

INNOVATION IN COTTON BREEDING: FH-416 AS A NEWLY DEVELOPED VARIETY FOR YIELD AND QUALITY ADVANCEMENT IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN
type: item
description: ABSTRACT A novel Bt-cotton variety FH-416 produced higher seed cotton yield and fiber quality in different cotton regions of Punjab, Pakistan. Development of FH-416 was started in 2012 at Cotton Research Station, Faisalabad through hybridization between the parents like CIM-599(Bt) and FH-142(Bt). Selection of superior single plants started from F2 and superior single plants within superior progenies were selected in following generations (F3-F6) by using modified pedigree method. Evaluation phase for yield performance of advanced strains was started during 2019-20. The selected advanced strains evaluated in different trials including preliminary yield trial, advance yield trial, national coordinated varietal trial, agronomic trial, entomological trial and spot examination trial. Under preliminary yield trial, FH-416 produced 23.23 % higher seed cotton yield as compared to check variety. Under advanced yield trial, FH-416 showed maximum yield increased i.e., 31.10 % over the check/standard. Yield performance under national coordinated varietal trials, FH-416 revealed 13.41 % and 18.83 % higher yield with respect to check variety (CIM-600) and secured 1st and 2nd position during 2021 and 2022, respectively. FH-416 qualified the fiber quality standards with superior fiber traits including, staple length (28.92 mm), fiber fineness (4.28 µg/inch), fiber strength (32.03 g/tex) and ginning out turn (42.0 %). Amongst sowing dates, 16 March, 1st April and 16 April showed higher yield, predicting the best sowing window for FH-416 along with plant spacing 22.2cm and 30cm. FH-416 revealed tolerance for cotton leaf curl disease based on disease incidence recorded 1.03% and 1.29% during the year 2019 and 2020, respectively. FH-416 revealed moderate tolerance against infestation of insect-pests including whitefly, thrips, jassid and pink bollworm. Therefore, in the meeting of Punjab Seed Council during 2025, FH-416 a novel cotton variety approved for general cultivation in differ…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Gossypium hirsutum
  topic: keywords
subject: advance yield trial
  topic: keywords
subject: fiber quality
  topic: keywords
subject: Bt confirmation
  topic: keywords
subject: variety approval
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Amjad Farooq
creator: Jehanzeb Farooq
creator: Muhammad Rizwan
creator: Yasir Ramzan
creator: Farrukh Ilahi
creator: Amna Nazir
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Amjad Farooq, Jehanzeb Farooq, Muhammad Rizwan, Yasir Ramzan, Farrukh Ilahi, Amna Nazir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 197
ending page: 207
doi: 10.58475/2025.63.3.1207

IMPLICATIONS OF ASIAN REGION RICE CONTRIBUTION TO GLOBAL SUPPLY IN THE CONTEXT OF GREEN REVOLUTION
type: item
description: This study determines the rank and relative contribution of top rice-producing Asian countries to global rice production using data from 1961 to 2023. The data sparsity and high degree of correlation among the predictor variables posed serious issues that were managed through correlated component regression. Absolute values of standardized regression coefficients determine each country’s share in global rice production, which is then used to compute the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index. It analyzes the data between two periods: the first represents the Green Revolution Period (1966-1992) and the second indicates the post-Green Revolution Period (1993-2023). Empirical results show that all countries except Nepal and Cambodia (1966–1992) and Cambodia (1993–2023) had a positive and statistically significant impact on global rice production. During the Green Revolution period, India and China held the top two positions, accounting for nearly 45 percent of the total share. India accounted for 22.75 percent, while China accounted for 22.19 percent of the share. In the post-Green Revolution period, these two countries secured almost 52.19 percent of the share, with China alone holding a 30.03 percent share. A comparison between periods indicates that Myanmar experienced a significant improvement in ranking, moving up by +7 places, followed by Cambodia (+4), Thailand (+2) and Bangladesh (+2). On the other hand, Japan (-7 places) and Indonesia (-4) witnessed the largest declines in rankings. The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index value was 1390 during the Green Revolution period; however, in the post-Green Revolution period, it was 1718, indicating a moderate increase of 328 points. The lower Herfindahl-Hirschman Index value (1390) during the Green Revolution period confirms that technological improvement and policy factors significantly contributed to greater geographical variation in the relative importance of each country’s contribution to global rice production. In contrast, during th…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Rice Production
  topic: keywords
subject: asian countries
  topic: keywords
subject: green revolution
  topic: keywords
subject: correlated component regression
  topic: keywords
subject: herfindahl-hirschman index
  topic: keywords
subject: geographical concentration
  topic: keywords
subject: JEL Classification
  topic: keywords
subject: C19
  topic: keywords
subject: Q10
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Naveed
creator: Anwar Hussain
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Naveed, Anwar Hussain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-06
publication date: 2026-01-06
starting page: 377
ending page: 396
doi: 10.58475/2025.63.4.613

UTILIZING POTATO PEEL WASTE FOR EXTENDING THE SHELF-LIFE OF FRESH-CUT APPLES
type: item
description: Fresh-cut apples are at high risk of browning, which makes them highly perishable. The growing demand for fresh-cut produce has made it essential to explore convenient methods to enhance the shelf stability of ready-to-eat produce. The current research was conducted to prolong the life of fresh-cut apples through edible coating formulated with potato peel extract (PPE). The effect of PPE coating in combination with chemical preservatives including ascorbic acid, oxalic acid and calcium lactate was studied on fresh-cut apple slices stored at 5°C. The treatments were designed based on three different concentrations of PPE i.e. 3%, 5% and 7%. Physicochemical analysis of weight loss, total soluble solids, firmness, titratable acidity, pH, browning index, vitamin C and sensory evaluation were conducted to determine the changes in quality characteristics over 9 days. It was revealed that with the increase in PPE, the browning index decreased along with better retention of other quality parameters. The treatment with the highest percentage of PPE (T4) also had the best score in sensory evaluation. Overall, the study demonstrated that edible coatings enriched with higher concentrations of PPE, particularly at 7%, successfully retained the acceptable quality and extended the storage life of fresh-cut apples.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Pyrus spp.
  topic: keywords
subject: potato peel extract (PPE)
  topic: keywords
subject: preservation
  topic: keywords
subject: shelf-life
  topic: keywords
subject: fresh cut
  topic: keywords
subject: post-harvest
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Rabiya Zulfiqar
creator: Sidra Rashid
creator: Hafiz Usama Noor
creator: Hammad Naeem
creator: Muhammad Hamdan Rashid
creator: Irrum Babu
creator: Bareera Shafiqe
creator: Muhammad Abrar
creator: Humaira Kausar
creator: Saima Parveen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rabiya Zulfiqar, Sidra Rashid, Hafiz Usama Noor, Hammad Naeem, Muhammad Hamdan Rashid, Irrum Babu, Bareera Shafiqe, Muhammad Abrar, Humaira Kausar, Saima Parveen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-02
publication date: 2025-10-02
starting page: 245
ending page: 256
doi: 10.58475/2025.63.3.1144

EVALUATION OF COMPARATIVE RESISTANCE IN ELITE SESAME GERMPLASM AGAINST ITS INSECT PEST COMPLEX
type: item
description: Sesame crop is becoming very important due its export potential in Pakistan. Its oil is very important nutritional source as it contains 25% protein and 50% oil. It is a vital source of anti oxidants. In this study we evaluated ten sesame lines for their susceptibility to whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), Sesame capsule borer Antigastra catanalanis Duponchel (Crambidae: Lepidoptera) and mirid bug Nesidiocoris tenuis (Miridae: Hemiptera) under field conditions. The crop was sown in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) design with three replications for two consecutive years 2023-24 in June. Data was recorded fortnightly and averaged at the end of the crop season for statistical analysis. Results indicated that sesame germplasm has shown resistance to the insect pests. Minimum whitefly population was recorded on 19002 (1.63) sesame line as compared to check variety. Minimum mirid bugs population was recorded on 21005 (5.02) sesame line as compared to check variety. Least pod borer damage was recorded on 19002 (8.53%) sesame line. The results suggested that these sesame lines can be used in further breeding programs or these can be approved as new resistant cultivars. This would reduce insecticidal sprays on the crop as a result insecticide residue problem will be minimized which will be very beneficial to the environment.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sesamum indicum
  topic: keywords
subject: resistance level
  topic: keywords
subject: whitefly
  topic: keywords
subject: mirid bugs
  topic: keywords
subject: capsule borer
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Ijaz Haider
creator: Muhammad Younas
creator: Sikandar Ali
creator: Hafiz Bashir Ahmad
creator: Hafiz Saad Mustafa
creator: Ejaz ul Hassan
creator: Muhammad Rizwan Bashir
creator: Ahmad Nawaz Gill
creator: Dilbar Hussain
creator: Asad Aslam
creator: Muhammad Kamil Malik
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ijaz Haider, Muhammad Younas, Sikandar Ali, Hafiz Bashir Ahmad, Hafiz Saad Mustafa, Ejaz ul Hassan, Muhammad Rizwan Bashir, Ahmad Nawaz Gill, Dilbar Hussain, Asad Aslam, Muhammad Kamil Malik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-02
publication date: 2025-10-02
starting page: 239
ending page: 244
doi: 10.58475/2025.63.3.1072

FACTORS INFLUENCING FARMERS’ SATISFACTION AND ADOPTION OF MOBILE PHONE APPLICATIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
type: item
description: This systematic literature review aims to investigate the effects of mobile phone applications on farmers’ behaviour and satisfaction. Following PRISMA guidelines, this review incorporated 21 papers into the analysis, obtained by searching papers published between 2010 and April 2024. This review demonstrates that the use of mobile phone applications significantly enhances agricultural practices by providing various important types of information, improving market access, and increasing productivity. Specific apps, such as Ricult in Pakistan and e-Agri Finance in Malaysia, have improved profitability and operational productivity. Specific elements that directly determine satisfaction include usability and reliability, which consist of trustworthy appeal, and the composite nature of the beneficial quality, such as providing services like weather conditions and market analysis. Barriers include insufficient communication, technological support, and limited user-friendliness. Thus, the level of education, household income, and other socio-economic indicators can also influence the extent of application use and the level of satisfaction with them. Based on the literature review, the authors suggest that enhanced USE apps, improved extension services, enhanced technical support, stronger public-private partnerships (PPP), and addressing socio-economic factors may help optimize the use of mobile phone applications in agriculture.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mobile Phone applications
  topic: keywords
subject: agricultural practices
  topic: keywords
subject: farmers’ satisfaction
  topic: keywords
subject: systematic literature review
  topic: keywords
subject: technical infrastructure
  topic: keywords
subject: socio-economic factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Wazzuha Amina
creator: Nosheen Fatima Warraich
creator: Muhammad Rafiq
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-12
publication date: 2025-08-12
starting page: 171
ending page: 186
doi: 10.58475/2025.63.2.1145

GENDER PERSPECTIVE OF CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITIES IN THE AGRARIAN COMMUNITIES OF SEMI-ARID AREAS IN THE PUNJAB, PAKISTAN
type: item
description: Pakistan is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world due to extreme climate change events. However, it is important to know about the perceptions about climate change vulnerabilities in the rural areas from rural communities to overcome the climate changes related challenges. Gender remains an important social factor and the effects of climate change are felt in a different way for women and men therefore, adaptation intervention also need to be gendered. In this perspective, this study was conducted to find out the gender wise perception of climate change as well as vulnerability and adaptive capacity in the context of climate change. A cross-sectional survey of the male and female respondents was conducted from 24 villages of semi-arid areas of the Punjab, Pakistan. Data collection was conducted during 2023 in two semi-arid districts of Punjab Pakistan one from Layyah and other from Bhakkar district. Multistage random sampling technique was used to select a size of 360 households. Both male and female members of the households were interviewed to have a gender perspective. A total of 720 respondents (30 from each selected village: 15 Males and 15 Females) were taken as the study sample. This survey was supplemented with 25 key informant interviews. The data were analyzed descriptive statistical analysis used. For comparison, the independent samples t-test was used to compare the mean scores of both genders for a given variable. The results indicate that the female respondents perceived that in the past 10 years the summer heat waves have increased and rainfall has decreased as compared to their previous years experiences. Due to climate change impacts extreme cold wave have also increased which destroyed standing crops, vegetables and high risk of disease attacks plants and livestock. During drought and dry spell most of the crops were also destroyed due to shortage of water. Due to climate change impacts irregular rain fall also effected the seasonality …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Climate change
  topic: keywords
subject: gender
  topic: keywords
subject: perspective
  topic: keywords
subject: arid zone
  topic: keywords
subject: vulnerability indicator
  topic: keywords
subject: households
  topic: keywords
subject: perception
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Nida Fatima
creator: Babar Shahbaz
creator: Muhammad Iftikhar
creator: Naveed Farah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-12
publication date: 2025-08-12
starting page: 159
ending page: 169
doi: 10.58475/2025.63.2.1170

BRIDGING KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE: GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AWARENESS AND TRAINING WILLINGNESS AMONG TOMATO FARMERS IN FUNAAB MODEL VILLAGES, SOUTHWEST, NIGERIA
type: item
description: The study was conducted to determine the awareness and willingness of tomato farmers to be trained on Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) for sustainable production of tomato crops. The research was conducted in the university extension model villages in 2024. Probability (simple random) sampling technique was used to select 92 out of 118 registered tomato farmers across the study area. Interview guide was used to collect the data from the respondents. Data were analyzed with the aid of frequency counts, percentages, mean, standard deviation, Chi square statistic and Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). Findings showed that the mean age of the respondents was 33 years and 78.3% had no formal education. The mean number of tomato harvested per production cycle was 1.02 tons/hectare. Furthermore, tomato cultivation practices used by the respondents was manual (100%), majority (88.0%) sourced their seed from retailers in local market. Result indicated that all (100.0%) of the respondents were not aware of GAPs. Also, all (100.0%) of the respondents indicated their willingness to be trained on GAPs for tomato production. Findings showed that there was significant associations (P≤0.05) between educational status ( =0.98); access to extension services ( =0.90) and willingness to be trained on GAPs. Also, significant relationships exist between age (r=0.86); years of tomato farming experience (r= 0.73) and willingness to be trained on GAPs. Furthermore, significant association (P≤0.05) exists between awareness ( =0.93) and willingness to be trained on GAPs. The study established that socio-economic characteristics such as age, education, access to extension agent, years of farming experience and awareness are key variables to be considered in designing framework model in training tomato farmers on GAPs. The study recommended that the extension arm of the university- Agricultural Media and Research Centre (AMREC), research institutions, State and Federal Ministry of A…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Awareness
  topic: keywords
subject: willingness
  topic: keywords
subject: training
  topic: keywords
subject: good agricultural practices (GAPs)
  topic: keywords
subject: tomato
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable
  topic: keywords
subject: Nigeria
  topic: keywords
creator: Olatunbosun Jonathan Soetan
creator: Olasupo James Fadeyi
creator: Olarenwaju Emmanuel Oni
creator: Olalekan Jacob Olaoye
creator: Olubunmi Rufina Ashimolowo
creator: Richard Emmanuel Abati
creator: Oluwatoyin Oluwadamilola Ayodele
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-12
publication date: 2025-08-12
starting page: 151
ending page: 158
doi: 10.58475/2025.63.2.1221

CHARACTERIZATION OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF CITRUS SAUCE AS A VALUE ADDED PRODUCT
type: item
description: This study was performed during the year 2024 to evaluate the potential of locally available citrus varieties namely kinnow and musambi for the preparation of sauce as a value added product. Treatments were designed by blending pulp in different ratios. Firstly, physical attributes (fruit size, fruit weight, No. of seeds and peel thickness) of citrus cultivars were studied. Physicochemical analysis (pH, TSS, %Acidity and vitamin C content) and sensory parameters (color, taste, flavor and overall acceptability) of citrus sauce were analyzed during 90 days storage study. The research experiment was conducted under completely randomized design and data was statistically analyzed. The results showed decreasing trend in pH values and ascorbic acid content of citrus sauce samples from 3.88-3.65 and 48.41-24.54mg/100ml respectively during storage. Acidity was found to increase from 1.18-1.27% whereas TSS from 25.87-26.47°Brix during storage. Sensory attributes of citrus sauce were evaluated by trained panelists at Food Technology Section, Post-Harvest Research Centre, Faisalabad. All treatments showed acceptable scores but T5 i.e. sauce prepared with 50:50 blend of kinnow and musambi pulp showed best sensory attributes followed by T3 (70:30) throughout storage.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Citrus reticulata
  topic: keywords
subject: sauce
  topic: keywords
subject: citrus fruit
  topic: keywords
subject: physicochemical
  topic: keywords
subject: sensory evaluation
  topic: keywords
subject: storage
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Bareera Shafiq
creator: Zafar Iqbal
creator: Saima Parveen
creator: Hafiz Usama Noor
creator: Muhammad Hamdan Rashid
creator: Sharoon Masih
creator: Humaira kausar
creator: Sidra Rashid
creator: Hammad Naeem
creator: Rabiya Zulfiqar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-12
publication date: 2025-08-12
starting page: 139
ending page: 149
doi: 10.58475/2025.63.2.1148

AGRONOMIC BIOFORTIFICATION OF DESI CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L.) WITH ZINC AND IRON
type: item
description: Pulses and grain legumes like chickpea are important contributor of plant protein in food chain. Biofortification is a tool by which nutritive value of Pulses can be enhanced either through genetic breeding approach, transgenic techniques, and agronomic measures, so it may help in reducing the malnutrition. In humans zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) deficiencies are commonly reported and these mineral deficiency-related health problems may be solved by improving their concentration in grain crops. The study was conducted at research area of Pulses Research Institute, Ayub Agriculture Research Institute, Faisalabad for consecutive three years 2018-19, 2019-20 and 2020-21 aimed to investigate the effects of soil applied and foliar sprays of Zinc and Iron on grain yield, grain weight and other agronomic attributes which increased under soil application of zinc and Iron as compared to foliar application. Chickpea crop did not respond well to the foliar application of zinc and Iron (T8 , T9 and T10 where Zn and Fe were applied @ 0.1% either alone or in combination) for agronomic parameters, growth and yield. Plant height (86.5 cm), Pods per plant (49.4), 1000 grain weight (245.4 gm) and grain yield (1560.4 kg/ha) increased in T7 where Zinc and Iron were applied in combination @ 5.0 kg/ha. Soil application of zinc @ 5.0 kg/ ha at sowing resulted in the highest Zn (32.02 mg Zn/ kg grain) followed by zinc application @ 2.5 kg/ ha where 30.39 mg Zn/ kg grain was obtained. Similar trend was observed for Fe content in grains. Protein content remained unchanged, significant over control with these treatments. However, crude fat and fiber contents were highest in T10 , where 0.1% foliar solution of Zn & Fe micronutrients was applied. Thus Biofortification of Zn and Fe can help in reducing malnutrition in mushrooming human population.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cicer arietinum
  topic: keywords
subject: bio fortification
  topic: keywords
subject: zinc
  topic: keywords
subject: iron
  topic: keywords
subject: nutritional quality
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Zia Chishti
creator: Sumreen Siddiq
creator: Waqar Ahmad
creator: Khalid Hussain
creator: Sadia Kaukab
creator: Hina Nazir
creator: Kamara Mehmood
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-12
publication date: 2025-08-12
starting page: 131
ending page: 138
doi: 10.58475/2025.63.2.1133

QS BERSEEM: A BREAKTHROUGH IN HIGH-YIELD AND CLIMATE-ADAPTED FORAGE PRODUCTION
type: item
description: Food security is among one of the sustainable development goals. In the scenario of adverse climatic conditions, food security is becoming a global challenge that impacts not only humans but also livestock. Currently, the biggest concern of the farmers of the country is the lack of climate adaptive fodder varieties and scarcity of green fodder during lean period. To address these critical challenges a new climate-resilient berseem variety “QS-Berseem” has been developed by the Fodder Research Sub-Station, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad which have high green fodder yield, crude protein, palatability, digestibility and nutritional quality. This variety is an outcome of composite selection from foundational parental population developed by pooling five high-performing accessions, three local BGP-30, BGP-43, BGP-77, and two exotic PI 343166 43, PI 343166 during 2013-2024. It proved its value in all yield trials and outperformed the current existing berseem varieties. It produced 5.9% and 3.8% higher green fodder yield in comparison to check varieties Anmol Berseem and Berseem Agati during 2021-22 & 2022 23 respectively, in National Uniform Fodder Yield Trials. Furthermore, it has 22.3% dry matter, 17.94% crude protein, 23.1% crude fiber, 2.15% crude fat and 11.9% ash, and good palatability. The new variety showed better tolerance against Root Rot, Crown Rot & Stem Rot diseases. Agronomic studies revealed that it aligns more efficiently with current agronomic practices. So, this variety could be a promising choice for farmers as it is capable of overcoming fodder shortage during lean periods while contributing to enhanced milk and meat production, improved animal health and overall livestock sector particularly under changing climatic conditions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: QS-Berseem
  topic: keywords
subject: climate smart
  topic: keywords
subject: drought tolerant
  topic: keywords
subject: high forage yield
  topic: keywords
subject: high nutrition
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Qamar Shakil
creator: Amna Kanwal
creator: Zohab Asif
creator: Muhammad Humaiyon
creator: Javed Iqbal
creator: Khalid Hussain
creator: Asma Parveen
creator: Asif Ali Khan
creator: Zulfiqar Ali
creator: Atif Farhat
creator: Shakra Jamil
creator: Shamsa Kanwal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-12
publication date: 2025-08-12
starting page: 95
ending page: 104
doi: 10.58475/2025.63.2.1160

GGE BIPLOT ANALYSIS FOR THE SELECTION OF STABLE CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L.) GENOTYPES UNDER DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF PAKISTAN
type: item
description: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is reckoned as one of the most important pulse crops globally, valued for its high protein content. However, the productivity of chickpeas is often challenged by various biotic and abiotic stresses. Identifying and selecting stable genotypes is critical for addressing these issues and ensuring sustained chickpea yield. The GGE biplot analysis is a powerful tool for dissecting genotype-environment interactions and identifying stable genotypes across diverse environments. This present study was aimed to explore this tool for selecting stable chickpea genotypes by conducting field trials across multiple environments. Studied chickpea genotypes were tested at ten different locations in Pakistan. The experiments were carried out in a randomized complete block design using three repeats at each location. In the present study genotype by environment interaction effect was significant (P < 0.001) along with main effects of environment and genotype. GGE Biplot cumulatively explains 61.21 % of the total variation in the 1st year and 79.74 % in the 2nd year. Principal component 1 of the GGE Biplot contributed 35.62%, and 60.37% while principal component 2 contributed 25.59% and 19.37% to the total variation respectively in both years. Through GGE Biplot, G1(BRC-408), and G3 (15FCK16) were identified as highly stable and well-adapted genotypes that could be released as a variety for general cultivation throughout Pakistan in both years. For highly variegated environments or mega environments, specific genotypes that were well performed in these environments such as G2, (15KCC-112), G7(CH64/11), and G14(CH53/12) should be recommended.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cicer arietinum
  topic: keywords
subject: multi Environment Testing
  topic: keywords
subject: genotype-environment interaction
  topic: keywords
subject: GGE Biplot
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Zeeshan
creator: Waheed Arshad
creator: Saba Aleem
creator: Muhammad Imran Khan
creator: Muhammad Saqib
creator: Ayesha Malik
creator: Iram Sharif
creator: Muqadas Aleem
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-02
publication date: 2025-10-02
starting page: 189
ending page: 196
doi: 10.58475/2025.63.3.2201

EVALUATION OF CHINA AND BRAZILIAN SUGARCANE CLONES PERFORMANCE IN SEMI-ARID CONDITIONS OF FAISALABAD, PAKISTAN
type: item
description: We evaluated 14 sugarcane clones imported from China and Brazil under semi-arid conditions of Pakistan in adaptability trials conducted at the Sugarcane Research Institute, Faisalabad, and compared with control clones HSF-240 and CPF-253. The studies were carried out in 2023-24 season following a randomized complete block design with three replications. Six biometric traits, along with resistance to major disease (red rot) were assessed. The comparative performance of all clones was analyzed using two-sided Dunnett’s Multiple Comparisons. The results revealed that certain clones, such as ZHONGZHE-6 and RB-867515 produced superior cane yield compared to control clones, while others showed poor adaptability to the local environment. Disease resistance screening indicated that some clones were resistant to red rot, whereas others were susceptible. However, despite higher cane yield, the sugar recovery percentage of most exotic clones was lower than local check varieties. Further multi-location trials are recommended to evaluate their stability, adaptability, and potential inclusion in the sugarcane variety development program.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cane yield
  topic: keywords
subject: control clones
  topic: keywords
subject: disease resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: imported clones
  topic: keywords
subject: sugar recovery
  topic: keywords
subject: China
  topic: keywords
subject: Brazilian
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Shahzad Afzal
creator: Saima Gulnaz
creator: Mahmood-Ul-Hassan
creator: Hafiz Basheer Ahmad
creator: Syed Saqlain Hussain
creator: Babar Hussain Babar
creator: Abdul Majeed
creator: Muhammad Akhlaq Mudassar
creator: Muhammad Kamran
creator: Muhammad Umar Farooq
creator: Muhammad Zafar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-12
publication date: 2025-08-12
starting page: 105
ending page: 109
doi: 10.58475/2025.63.2.1149

NEEM AND SULFUR-COATED UREA ENHANCE GROWTH AND SUGAR YIELD OF SUGARCANE BY INCREASING NITROGEN USE EFFICINECY
type: item
description: The use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers is important for improving agricultural productivity, especially in the cultivation of sugarcane. Traditional urea, generally used as N source, has several limitations, including high nutrient losses and environmental pollution. Alternative urea forms, such as NCU (neem coated urea) and SCU (sulfur coated urea) have been investigated by researchers to overcome these issues. The purpose of this field experiment is to evaluate how SCU and NCU affect sugarcane production and N agronomic efficiency. Field trial was conducted during the year 2020 to 2022 at sugarcane farm area to compare the performance of this coated urea with traditional urea in sugarcane farming. In SCU treated field 12% and 10% higher sugarcane yield noted in plant and ratoon crop, correspondingly over traditional urea treatments. Similarly 15% higher sugar yield was recorded in SCU treatments as compared to traditional urea. The results indicated that SCU exhibited 25% in plant and 16% in ratoon crop higher N agronomic efficiency than traditional urea. These results suggest that the use of SCU can be a viable strategy to enhance sugarcane yield and improve the economic sustainability of the sugar industry while minimizing environmental impacts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Saccharum officinarum
  topic: keywords
subject: coated urea
  topic: keywords
subject: cane girth
  topic: keywords
subject: cane height
  topic: keywords
subject: nitrogen
  topic: keywords
subject: sugarcane yield
  topic: keywords
subject: sugar recovery
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdul Majeed
creator: Naeem Iqbal
creator: Muhammad Shahzad Afzal
creator: Muhammad Akhlaq Mudassar
creator: Abdul Khaliq
creator: Mahmood-UL- Hassan
creator: Muhammad Shafique
creator: Babar Hussain Babar
creator: Syed Saqlain Hussain
creator: Naeem Fiaz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Abdul Majeed (Translator); Naeem Iqbal, Muhammad Shahzad Afzal, Muhammad Akhlaq Mudassar, Abdul Khaliq, Mahmood-UL- Hassan, Muhammad Shafique, Babar Hussain Babar, Syed Saqlain Hussain, Naeem Fiaz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-02
publication date: 2025-10-02
starting page: 231
ending page: 237
doi: 10.58475/2025.63.3.1150

A REVIEW OF THE POTENTIAL OF SOME NANOPARTICLES IN CONTROLLING PLANT FUNGAL DISEASES
type: item
description: The increasing threat of fungal diseases to global crop production necessitates innovative and sustainable control strategies. Fungicides used in conventional applications generate environmental pollution and create resistance challenges, making researchers pursue novel methods. This article investigates the utility of nanoparticles as plant disease protectors by examining their extensive protective range reduced vulnerability to resistance and their environmentally-friendly properties. The current evidence shows promising results although extensive research exists on their extended environmental impact alongside mechanisms of action and large-scale utilization limitations. The study evaluates new antifungal nanoparticle approaches combined with a review of sustainability challenges and future developments for agricultural uses in this field. The use of controlled release mechanisms for these agents enhances their effectiveness and reduces the overall quantity of chemicals required, thereby mitigating environmental impacts. Furthermore, nanotechnology has the potential revolutionized disease surveillance. By developing early detection techniques for rust and powdery mildew,It enable the detection of harmful spores in their initial stages, facilitating timely intervention and mitigating the development of severe illnesses. This proactive approach has the potential to substantially reduce the economic losses often associated with these diseases. Through the application of nanotechnology, the potential exists to confront the challenges posed by potato blight, tomato blight, root rot, rust, and powdery mildew. This approach holds promise for a future where plant diseases can be effectively managed with a high degree of precision, thereby reducing crop losses, decreasing reliance on chemical interventions and ultimately enhancing global food security.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: fungal diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: potato blight
  topic: keywords
subject: tomato blight
  topic: keywords
subject: root rot
  topic: keywords
subject: rust
  topic: keywords
subject: powdery mildew
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Sajal Fatima
creator: Maha Umer
creator: Maliha Usman
creator: Barha Nasir
creator: Uzma Nazeer
creator: Fakhra Asad
creator: Saira Parveen
creator: Sadaf Gulzar
creator: Summiya Iftikhar
creator: Muhammad Nawaz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-12
publication date: 2025-08-12
starting page: 67
ending page: 86
doi: 10.58475/2025.63.1.2107

STANDARDIZATION OF PRUNING INTENSITY OF POMEGRANATE FOR ITS QUALITY PRODUCTION
type: item
description: Pomegranate, being hardy fruit plant can grow well climatically in tropical to temperate region. Training of pomegranate is practiced to train the frame of the plant as single or semi multi-stemmed and to boost productivity subsequently. The current study was conducted on 3-stemmed trained plant having 5- year age to find out the best pruning intensity for better quality and yield of pomegranate (cv. Golden) during 2020-21 and 2021-22. Four different treatments viz T1 as control (unprunned) and the other contained pruning of side branches from tip to base upto 20 cm (T2 ), 40 cm (T3 ) and 60 cm (T4 ) was carried out during the 2nd fortnight of November, 2020 and 2021. It was concluded that all pruning levels (20-60 cm) significantly affected fruit productivity, quality and bio-chemical parameters. However, 60 cm pruning (T4 ) gave maximum values for averaged yield per plant (56 kg), fruit size (50 cm2), fruit weight (253g), number of arils per fruit (319), arils weight (170.4 g), rind weight (79.90 g), rind thickness (2.40 mm), total sugars (14.50%), total soluble solids (15.30 oBrix%), juice (39.90%) with minimum number of fruits per plant (186) and minimum fruit acidity (0.23%) from means calculated over two years’ data. Unpruned plants (T1 ) had minimum values for yield per plant (42 kg), fruit size (39 cm2), weight of single fruit (172 gram), arils in single fruit (262), arils weight (118.6 g), rind weight (52. 5g), rind thickness (1.90 mm), total sugars (13.2%), total soluble solids (14.1 oBrix), juice (36.1%) with maximum fruits on single plant (238) and the highest acidity of fruit (0.28%). Hence, 60 cm pruning (T4 ) of side branches from tip to base can be opted to boost fruit production and quality parameters of Golden variety of pomegranate under semi-arid region of South Punjab, Pakistan.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Punica granatum
  topic: keywords
subject: training
  topic: keywords
subject: pruning
  topic: keywords
subject: trimming
  topic: keywords
subject: phenology
  topic: keywords
subject: productivity
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Ammara Noreen
creator: Muhammad Ikhlaq
creator: Muhammad Azhar Bashir
creator: Kashif Shabir
creator: Mohsin Abbas
creator: Naseem Sharif
creator: Muhammad Zahid Rashid
creator: Zubaida Hamid
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-12
publication date: 2025-08-12
starting page: 39
ending page: 47
doi: 10.58475/2025.63.1.2049

PAK-CAS ALFALFA: HIGH SEED YIELDING ALFALFA VARIETY OFFERING UNPARALLELED NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND BIOTIC TOLERANCE
type: item
description: Alfalfa seed production is a major challenge all over the globe and the research to combat this phenomenon of low seed yield is limited over the course of time. Its high seed yield, commercial distribution and delivery to farmers at a competitive price are critical issues in Pakistan. Seed yield is governed by complex interaction among genetic potential of a variety and its environments, pollinators, and crop management. Reduce biomass and nutritional value is another limiting factor in impacting the productivity and growth of livestock sector. Under this scenario, scientist of Fodder Research Substation has initiated an effort during the studied year 2013-2015 to develop a new variety of alfalfa (PAK CAS-Alfalfa) by mass selection. Diverse group of seven elite lines (No. 6316, No. 6450 and No. 6455) from local and foreign origin (No. 6433, NO. 34187 No. 9011 and No. 8004) were used to develop promising line FA-01-2019, which was later named as PAK CAS-Alfalfa (2024). This magical variety has proven as high forage yielder (9% higher yield in National Trials) along with high crude protein (22.4%) contents than existing alfalfa varieties. This variety is resistant to Rhizoctonia solani (moderately resistant), alfalfa weevil (3.7% and 3.4%), and stink bug (7.3% and 7.5%) which has deleterious impact on alfalfa fodder and seed yield. This variety (high-quality, nutritive fodder and strong adaptability) has the potential to overcome the constraints in alfalfa production and other fodder related quality parameters.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Medicago sativa
  topic: keywords
subject: seed production
  topic: keywords
subject: high yield
  topic: keywords
subject: protein content
  topic: keywords
subject: biotic resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: DNA fingerprinting
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Plant Breeding and Genetics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Qamar Shakil
creator: Amna Kanwal
creator: Zohab Asif
creator: Muhammad Humaiyon
creator: Zulfiqar Ali
creator: Atif Farhat
creator: Shamsa Kanwal
creator: Shakra Jamil
creator: Asma Parveen
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Qamar Shakil, Amna Kanwal, Zohab Asif, Muhammad Humaiyon, Asif Ali Khan, Zulfiqar Ali, Atif Farhat, Shamsa Kanwal, Shakra Jamil, Asma Parveen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-06
publication date: 2026-01-06
starting page: 281
ending page: 291
doi: 10.58475/2025.63.4.1165

GROUND WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT USING WATER QUALITY INDEX: CASE STUDY OF AYUB AGRICULTURE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, FAISALABAD, PAKISTAN
type: item
description: Poor water quality index for groundwater in Pakistan is a pressing issue due to the increasing population, rapid urbanization, and industrialization. This has resulted in fertile and productive soil being converted to barren land, leading to significant reductions in infiltration rates and agricultural productivity. The aim of the study was to assess water quality monitoring in research areas of AARI using Water Quality Index (WQI) during the year 2023-24. Collected water samples (12 different sites) were analyzed at Soil and Water Testing Laboratory for Research, Faisalabad for WQI by using various physicochemical characteristics like EC, TDS, Cl, SAR and RSC. Electrical Conductivity (EC) for all 12 samples varied between 787 to 3529 µS/cm. On the basis of Fitness criteria water samples from only 2 sites S1 and S8 were under “fit” category, 3 sites (S4, S5, S12) were under “marginally fit” and remaining all samples were “unfit” for Irrigation because of high salt concentration (EC > 1250 µS cm -1 ). The WQI values obtained from the research areas ranged from 68.05 to 354.4. Samples were classified using the WQI classification criteria and it revealed that only 25% of the samples of the area were categorized as “good (WQI range 50-100),” 50% were rated as “poor” (WQI range 101-200), and the remaining 25% were classified as “very poor” (WQI range 201-300) quality water.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Water quality index
  topic: keywords
subject: irrigation
  topic: keywords
subject: SAR
  topic: keywords
subject: EC
  topic: keywords
subject: infiltration rates
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Soil Science
  topic: disciplines
creator: Sumreen Siddiq
creator: Muhammad Aleem Sarwar
creator: Quais Affan
creator: Zia Chishti
creator: Hina Nazir
creator: Faraz Anwar
creator: Kamra Mehmood
creator: Hafsa Zafar
creator: Arfan-ul-Haq
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sumreen Siddiq, Muhammad Aleem Sarwar, Quais Affan, Zia Chishti, Hina Nazir, Faraz Anwar, Kamra Mehmood, Hafsa Zafar, Arfan-ul-Haq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-06
publication date: 2026-01-06
starting page: 325
ending page: 334
doi: 10.58475/2025.63.4.1147

DEVELOPING SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS (SES) SCALE FOR RURAL WOMEN IN NORTH-CENTRAL NIGERIA
type: item
description: Recent trend of the growing number of females headed households in most rural areas in Nigeria as a result of changes in their social and cultural practices as well as the large number of women that are involved in agricultural production and as bread winners call for a deliberate effort at developing a socio-economic status (SES) scale for the women folks. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 368 respondents for the study. The data were collected through an interview schedule and analyzed using the SPSS statistical tool. The review of previous work on socioeconomic status and focus group discussion (FGD) was conducted in some selected villages in the study area to compile items and other constructs that discriminate among the people. Thereafter, item analyses were conducted on the cultural and material possessions of the respondents to isolate the valid ones at 0.30 correlative coefficients (r-value). Twenty (20) items comprising of seven (7) cultural and thirteen (13) material possessions, self-assessment scores and participation scores were found as valid socio-economic status indicators in the study area and scores assigned accordingly. The valid cultural possessions were children that are graduate, glass plates, floor rug/carpet, land, wooden bed with mattress, number of sheep/goats, long metal spoon. While the valid material possessions were dining table, cushion chair, motorcycle, refrigerator, fans, cooking stove, television, blender, radio/ cassette player, generator, well, DVD, and decoder. Subsequently, these valid items with other constructs identified in the study were developed as the socio-economic status scale for rural women in North-central Nigeria. The standardized scores of the twenty (20) items, self assessment scores and participation scores when pooled together to gives the socio-economic status index (SES). This academic exercise also involved a step-by-step method used to develop the scale with empirical examples to drive home …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cultural possessions
  topic: keywords
subject: developing scale
  topic: keywords
subject: material possessions
  topic: keywords
subject: rural women
  topic: keywords
subject: socio-economic status
  topic: keywords
subject: Nigeria
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammed Kabiru Sanusi
creator: Luqman Abiodun Akinbile
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Kabiru Sanusi, Akinbile Luqman Abiodun (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-02
publication date: 2025-10-02
starting page: 269
ending page: 279
doi: 10.58475/2025.63.3.1139

MARKETING SYSTEM OF GUAVA IN PUNJAB
type: item
description: Demand for fruit in Pakistan is increasing day by day due to change m consumption pattern and increased population. Guava is an important fruit crop of the central Punjab. It faces extreme price fluctuation due to seasonality and perishability. Being highly perishable in nature, guava is sold and consumed in a relatively short period of time. During surplus period. producers receive lower prices and during shortage consumers have to pay high prices. So, a study was conducted at Technology Transfer Institute (PARC). AARL Faisalabad during 2003. The objective was to identify the present marketing channels for guava existing in the marketing system and to quantify the marketing margins of producers and other marketing intermediaries. This study was carried out through a primary survey of guava producers and market intermediaries in Sheikhupura, Lahore and Faisalabad district. Due to the limitations of tune, finance and data management 40 guava producers, 10 contractors, 10 commission agents, 10 wholesalers, 10 retailers and 10 consumers were interviewed in each district. According to the survey results, lack of working capital among guava growers forces them to sell their orchard o contractors. Easy access to credit among guava growers in a necessary condition for more efficient guava production and for participation of guava growers in the marketing process. Producers share in consumer’s rupee was 15. Retailers had the highest share (44%), while commission agent and wholesaler had the lowest {5%). All market intermediaries achieved the highest net margin in late season and the lowest in mid-season except wholesalers. Retailers received the highest net profit margin of Rs. 79 per crate, so retailers received the highest percentage profit margin (83%). The other market agencies including producers, commission agents. wholesalers and contractors received 75, 62, 39 and 20 percent, respectively. The marketing system can be made more competitive by reducing retailer’s marg…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Guava fruit
  topic: keywords
subject: marketing channels
  topic: keywords
subject: consumer prices
  topic: keywords
subject: Punjab
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Qasim
creator: A.D. Sheikh
creator: M. Ather Mahmood
rights: Copyright (c) 2004 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2004-12-31
publication date: 2004-12-31
starting page: 331
ending page: 345
doi: 10.58475/d9e4gx51

WORKING OF MAJOR WHOLESALE FRUIT AND VEGETABLE MARKETS IN THE PUNJAB
type: item
description: These studies were conducted at Technology Transfer Institute (PARC, AARIL Faisalabad during the year 2003 to assess the working of two major wholesale fruit vegetable markets e Faisalabad and Rawalpindi Islamabad. The survey was restricted to two markets due to limited finance and time. The particular managerial and operational aspects along with physical facilities, trade practices, presence of public and private sector institutions were thoroughly examined. According to the plan, 30 respondents. 25 from each market, were directly interviewed for the collection of requisite data. The results indicated that infrastructure physical facilities of sample fruit and vegetable markets were generally disorganized. having poor sanitation. inadequate protection from sun. faulty water supply and unfair distribution network. Frequent traffic jams and solid waste management. poor storage facilities and inadequate supply of services. (Restaurants, place for stay rest of visiting farmers. public toilets, communication. etc. were also observed during survey. The survey further revealed that internal management of markets was ineffective. High and illegal market charges reductions, delayed payment and non-transparent market operation was reported by the respondents on the part of commission agents and market operators. It was concluded that existing system is full of imperfections. which need w be rectified in the interest of producers and consumers.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Fruit vegetables
  topic: keywords
subject: wholesale marketing
  topic: keywords
subject: Punjab
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: M Ather Mahmood
creator: A.D. Sheikh
creator: Abdul Ghafoor
rights: Copyright (c) 2004 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2004-12-31
publication date: 2004-12-31
starting page: 319
ending page: 330
doi: 10.58475/7w7sh928

TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENT OF BUTTON MUSHROOM AGARICUS BITORQUIS FOR MYCELIAL GROWTH ON THREE DIFFERENT COMPOSTS
type: item
description: These studies were conducted m the Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad during 2003, Temperature requirement was assessed two strains of Agaricus hitorquis namely AS-64 and W-20 for best linear mycelial growth on three composts (wheat straw + urea + SSP, wheat straw =+ chicken manure and guar straw - chicken manure). Both the strains performed better on wheat siraw wez - SSP compost as compared with other composts. Strain AS-64 gave more linear growth as compared 10 strain W-20. The data further showed that wheat straw + urea + SSP gave maximum growth of mycelia followed by wheat straw + chicken manure showing medium mycelial growth. But guar straw + chicken manure did not show any sign of mycelial growth. Temperatures studies revealed that among the temperatures under study both strains showed maximum growth at 30°C on both composts followed by temperature 25°C showing medium growth while minimum growth occurred at temperature 35°C in such a way that strain ' W-20 showed no mycelial growth while strain AS-64 gave little mycelial growth at 35°C.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agaricus
  topic: keywords
subject: growing media
  topic: keywords
subject: mycelium
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Sabir Hussain
creator: M. Asif Ali
creator: Ali Ahsan
creator: Husnain Ali
creator: Muhammad Siddique
rights: Copyright (c) 2004 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2004-12-31
publication date: 2004-12-31
starting page: 313
ending page: 318
doi: 10.58475/qc3h0047